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Kaidah pencacahan un 20184/13/2023 Phonological innovations for these sixteen varieties are presented, and an effort is made to weigh the relative significance of the various innovations for the purposes of delineating dialects. These data are analyzed using the comparative method, relying heavily on past reconstruction efforts, most notably that of Proto-Malayic by Adelaar (1992). Sixteen areas, two downstream and fourteen upstream, were sampled and their core vocabulary recorded using wordlists and texts. Motivated by Bronson's (1977) hypothesis that, in much of Southeast Asia, river systems are a key interpretive grid for understanding the region's history, the techniques of dialect geography and the historical-comparative method are used to map the present-day Malay dialects in this river basin and to demonstrate historical relationships among various Malay-speaking areas. This study is a documentation of the speech of orang Jambi, the approximately one million Malays who live in the Batanghari river basin of Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. While the Malays of southeast Sumatra, beginning with the kingdoms of Melayu and Srivijaya in the 7th century, long dominated the vital trade links between India and China, the speech of their modern-day descendants remains poorly documented and subject to needless controversy.
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